Gallery: Millions of Fishes: The Ultimate Marine Library
Marc Tule01angler-fish
Immersed in thousands of gallons of isopropyl alcohol in a warehouse-like room, 2 million fish sleep forever. Marine biologist Phil Hastings is their keeper. Hastings, who curates the [Scripps Institution of Oceanography](http://collections.ucsd.edu/)’s library of fish in California, inherited the responsibility in 1999. He’s been sorting, identifying, preserving and studying the jarred specimens ever since. The library’s first specimens arrived around 1875 with a fisherman’s catch, but it wasn’t until the 1940s that the collection grew in earnest. Today the shelves cradle creatures gathered during some 21,000 collection events, many from around-the-world cruises. Another [27,000 fishes will soon be added](http://sio.ucsd.edu/Announcements/Hastings_NSFAward/) after sitting unsorted for half a century. Altogether the specimens are a unique snapshot of marine life in Earth’s recent history. “We tried to estimate just the cost of all the ships that went out to collect animals, and it went into the billions of dollars. But you can’t go back in time,” [Hastings](http://www.sio.ucsd.edu/Profile/phastings) said. “From a historical standpoint, the collections are priceless wonders of the world.” Other Scripps oceanographic collections include invertebrates, mud cores and rocks. Photographer Marc Tule, a former marine biology student, has received unprecedented access to the collections. “It was an extreme honor and a labor of love,” he said. “Since I’m a big fan of marine science, it was kind of like photographing the hottest celebrities you can imagine.” Tule, Hastings and others shared their photos with Wired.com. We show some of our favorites in this gallery. __Above:__ Angler Fish ----------- Anglers are rare, deep sea-dwelling fish, and females typically dwarf males. During mating, the male angler bites onto the female and begins fusing into her skin. After awhile, sometimes all that remains of the male are his gonads. One female angler preserved in the collection (below) has a small male attached to her belly. [](http://stag-komodo.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2011/06/angler-fish-mates-scripps-copyright-marc-tule.jpg) *Images: [Marc Tule](http://marctule.com/)*.
Marc Tule02fish-in-jars
Stained Fish ------------ Staining a fish’s bones and connective tissue with dyes, then rendering its flesh [transparent with the help of enzymes](http://stag-komodo.wired.com/magazine/2011/03/pl_art_transparentspecimens/), makes it easier for biologists to study the creature’s anatomy. The stained specimens are a small part of Scripps’ [Marine Vertebrate Collection](http://collections.ucsd.edu/mv/index.cfm), which originates mostly from eastern Pacific Ocean collection events (green dots, image below). Some specimens are recovered from coastal locations that are now no longer accessible. “Some of the estuaries fishes were retrieved from what are now parking lots,” Hastings said. [](http://stag-komodo.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2011/06/sio-collection-map-hastings.jpg) *Images: 1) [Marc Tule](http://marctule.com/) 2) SIO*
Marc Tule03flying-fish
Mirrorwing Flyingfish --------------------- To photograph hundreds of different specimens several years ago, Tule and his studio’s team set up a plexiglass tub filled with alcohol. Hastings and other Scripps researchers then wheeled out jar after jar of marine creatures. The tub allowed workers to unfurl and photograph specimens without exposing them to air for long. The mirrorwing flyingfish (above) was Tule’s favorite specimen of all. “There’s something beautiful about its symmetry and biological design,” Tule said. “It set the tone for whole shoot.” *Image: [Marc Tule](http://marctule.com/)*
Marc Tule04umbrellamouth-gulper-eel
Umbrellamouth Gulper Eel ------------------------ Also known as the pelican eel, these solitary and strange fish have been found at depths of more than 20,000 feet. French zoologist Léon Vaillant first identified one in 1882. Not much is known about the eel's large mouth, but it's thought to help capture small crustaceans. Many jars of similarly mysterious fishes (below) await the scrutiny of researchers. [](http://stag-komodo.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2011/06/fish-jars-scripps-copyright-marc-tule1.jpg) *Images: [Marc Tule](http://marctule.com/)*
05x-rayed-fish
Fish Skeleton X-Rays -------------------- Thanks to a recent government grant, Scripps is now able to take digital X-ray photos of its specimens. Hours of film development have been reduced to seconds. Hastings said the photos will be uploaded to a record of each specimen in the [collection’s online database](http://collections.ucsd.edu/mv/fish/frm_search.php), allowing ichthyologists and other researchers to examine internal structures from afar. [](http://stag-komodo.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2011/06/fish-x-ray-scripps-sio1.jpg) *Images: SIO*
Marc Tule06taenioconger-eels-in-a-jar
Garden Eels ----------- The Scripps marine animal libraries are not passive repositories. Researchers continuously study specimens and identify them, all the while hunting for new species. The [eels above](http://collections.ucsd.edu/mv/fish/dsp_collection.php?cID=61-261&sID=23566) were captured near Baja, California in 1961. Years later they were found to be [a new species](http://www.jstor.org/pss/1443006). “We’re all about describing biodiversity. With the library, you can compare your material to see if what you have is something collected before, or if it’s new \[to science\],” Hastings said. [](http://stag-komodo.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2011/06/eels-jar-reflection-copyright-marc-tule1.jpg) *Images: [Marc Tule](http://marctule.com/)*
Marc Tule07shark-jaws-and-teeth
Shark Jaws ---------- More than alcohol-soaked creatures line Scripps’ shelves, such as the shark remains above. The shelves themselves are 20 feet high and filled to the brim with biological goodies (below). All specimens are taxonomically organized and cataloged, like books in a library. And like in some cramped university libraries, motors and wheels mechanically move the shelves with the turn of a dial. [](http://stag-komodo.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2011/06/scripps-fish-library-copyright-marc-tule.jpg) *Images: [Marc Tule](http://marctule.com/)*
Marc Tule08mud-cores
Marine Mud Cores ---------------- Aside from biological collections, Scripps also houses cores of sediment collected from the ocean bottom. The layers of mud and microbes help geologists understand forces at work on the ocean bottom deep in the past. *Image: [Marc Tule](http://marctule.com/)*
Marc Tule09copepods
Copepod Samples --------------- Small invertebrates make up yet another collection at Scripps. The copepods above are just a few of 100 million crumb-sized creatures in the collection. *Image: [Marc Tule](http://marctule.com/)*
Marc Tule10giant-humboldt-squid
Giant Squid ----------- A collection of larger marine invertebrates houses roughly 750,000 animals, including a 6-foot-long Humboldt squid (above). “It took some brute strength to lift this guy and splay out his tentacles,” Tule said of the effort to photograph the specimen. Shelled invertebrates also have a home in the collection, including a giant marine isopod (pill bug) from the deep sea below. [](http://stag-komodo.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2011/06/lobster-scripps-copyright-marc-tule1.jpg) *Images: [Marc Tule](http://marctule.com/)*
Marc Tule11sea-spider
Sea Spider ---------- Not to be confused with terrestrial spiders of any kind, sea spiders may be related to a common ancestor of all modern arthropods, including insects, crustaceans and other animals with exoskeletons. Hastings (below) said studying and classifying the animals goes far beyond intellectual curiosity. “They help us grasp the diversity of life on the planet. If you don’t have these kinds of historically comparative collections, you’re missing the global context of new observations,” he said. “And today we’re doing things we never thought we’d be able to do, like DNA sequencing. There’s an overwhelming number of questions we can ask about life on Earth using these archived specimens.” [](http://stag-komodo.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2011/06/phil-hastings-fish-library-scripps-sio.jpg) *Images: 1) [Marc Tule](http://marctule.com/)* *2) SIO*
